{"id":23562,"date":"2019-11-13T15:00:45","date_gmt":"2019-11-13T15:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/u-th\/application\/"},"modified":"2022-09-15T20:00:01","modified_gmt":"2022-09-15T20:00:01","slug":"application","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/u-th\/application\/","title":{"rendered":"Application"},"content":{"rendered":"<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k2pnq1lm-73201b01944291837da7ba544600aec9 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h1 style=\"text-align: center;\">Uranium-Thorium Chronology<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3n98yg-8f388e24c811297579cd9388cb6bf316\">\n.flex_column.av-3n98yg-8f388e24c811297579cd9388cb6bf316{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3n98yg-8f388e24c811297579cd9388cb6bf316 av_one_half first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k2pnm5lb-96f5b6044457aad275e639b87ada242d '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><strong>U-Th dating of carbonate samples can be conducted if the following conditions are met:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Formed within the datable range of the U-Th systematics<br \/>\n(up to 500 ka),<\/li>\n<li>Contain sufficient concentrations of the minor<br \/>\nisotopes <sup>234<\/sup>U and <sup>230<\/sup>Th for high-precision isotope dilution<br \/>\nanalysis,<\/li>\n<li>Incorporation of negligible or known amounts of initial<br \/>\n(excess) <sup>230<\/sup>Th at the time of deposition, and<\/li>\n<li>Remained closed with respect to U and Th isotopes since<br \/>\nprimary deposition.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Uranium loss and inherited <sup>230<\/sup>Th in open-system settings can result in erroneous conclusions. Samples with a relatively low initial U\/Ca and uranium concentration tend to uptake uranium after deposition and through diagenetic processes &#8211; yielding aberrant ages.<\/p>\n<h3><a href=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/u-th\/sample-types\/\">More information on sample types<\/a><\/h3>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-22q52g-719d8d2f5792c469a187c51914d43abf\">\n.flex_column.av-22q52g-719d8d2f5792c469a187c51914d43abf{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-22q52g-719d8d2f5792c469a187c51914d43abf av_one_half flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k2pnp4h7-c35f51b2a58dcdd6e7bf06374ad38de7\">\n.avia-image-container.av-k2pnp4h7-c35f51b2a58dcdd6e7bf06374ad38de7 img.avia_image{\nbox-shadow:none;\n}\n.avia-image-container.av-k2pnp4h7-c35f51b2a58dcdd6e7bf06374ad38de7 .av-image-caption-overlay-center{\ncolor:#ffffff;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='avia-image-container av-k2pnp4h7-c35f51b2a58dcdd6e7bf06374ad38de7 av-styling- avia-align-center'   itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class=\"avia-image-container-inner\"><div class=\"avia-image-overlay-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-11071 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-11071 avia_image ' src=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-1030x979.jpg\" alt='' title='Open-Close System2'  height=\"979\" width=\"1030\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-1030x979.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-300x285.jpg 300w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-768x730.jpg 768w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-1536x1460.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-2048x1946.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-1500x1425.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Open-Close-System2-705x670.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1030px) 100vw, 1030px\" \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kiq95c1u-35ba042c54a5f0c58eddf7ca7e4dd918 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter embed-responsive-item\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/aGZ6BwjXCYA\" width=\"803\" height=\"452\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p align=\"center\">Duration: 2 minutes, 30 seconds || Speaker: Maren Pauly, PhD<br \/>\nThis video excerpt is part of Isobar Science\u2019s webinar: An Introduction to Uranium-Thorium Dating.<br \/>\nDisclaimer: This video is hosted in a third-party site and may contain advertising.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>U-Th Dating<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>The U-Th method is used to date carbonate materials up to 500,000 years. Modern samples will not produce reliable U-Th dates due to their low <sup>230<\/sup>Th concentrations and method limitations. Most common sample types include cave art, speleothems and flowstones, coral, and shell.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50\">\n.flex_column.av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50 av_one_half first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kiq94hsw-f296914c29fe7040203f1cd6218e11d5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Cave Art<\/h2>\n<p>Uranium-Thorium analysis can provide information on the approximate date of cave art paintings by dating the thin calcite layers formed along the top of the artwork. In doing so, this analysis can provide a minimum age, also known as the <i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">terminus ante quem<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Furthermore, in cases where the supporting calcite layer underlying the painting is accessible, a maximum age (<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">terminus post quem<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">) can also be established (Pons-Branchu et al. 2014). Results can also be verified by cross-dating the U-Th dates with <sup>14<\/sup>C in addition to analyzing multiple layers along the artwork surface, due to the open system nature of carbonate crusts (Sauvet et al. 2015).<\/span><br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_3609\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3609\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3609\" src=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/cave-art-Arash-Sharifi.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)\" width=\"800\" height=\"523\" srcset=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/cave-art-Arash-Sharifi.jpg 800w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/cave-art-Arash-Sharifi-300x196.jpg 300w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/cave-art-Arash-Sharifi-768x502.jpg 768w, https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/cave-art-Arash-Sharifi-705x461.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3609\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;\">\n<b>References<\/b><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pons-Branchu, E., Bourrillon, R., Conkey, M.W., Fontugne, M., Fritz, C., G\u00e1rate, D., Quiles, A., Rivero, O., Sauvet, G., Tosello, G. and Valladas, H., (2014). Uranium-series dating of carbonate formations overlying Paleolithic art: interest and limitations. Bulletin de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 pr\u00e9historique fran\u00e7aise, pp.211-224. DOI: 10.3406\/bspf.2014.14395<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sauvet, G., Bourrillon, R., Conkey, M., Fritz, C., G\u00e1rate-Maidagan, D., Vil\u00e1, O.R., Tosello, G. and White, R., (2017). Uranium\u2013thorium dating method and Palaeolithic rock art. Quaternary International, 432, pp.86-92. DOI: 10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.03.053<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608\">\n.flex_column.av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608 av_one_half flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kiqangu0-e687bf47357d62ecea6698775ce4b567 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Cave Deposits: Speleothems and Flowstones<\/h2>\n<p>The analysis of stable isotopes in speleothems can provide information on environmental change over the course of speleothem growth. Chronologies that underlie these paleoclimate records rely on precise dating through the U-Th and\/or <sup>14<\/sup>C method, which provides a relationship between distance (growth) and age. Stalagmites (upward growing speleothem) are often preferred over stalactite (downward growing speleothem) due to the more regular growth plane with a more defined internal structure (Sp\u00f6tl &#038; Boch, 2019). While both U-Th and <sup>14<\/sup>C methods can be used to date speleothems, the reservoir effect of carbon and speleothem chemical impurities can introduce significant age uncertainties (several thousand years) in <sup>14<\/sup>C dated compared to U-Th dated series (Goslar et al. 2000).<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_3612\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3612\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3612\" src=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Cave-Deposits.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3612\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;\">\n<b>References<\/b><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sp\u00f6tl, C. and Boch, R., (2019). Uranium series dating of speleothems. In Encyclopedia of caves (pp. 1096-1102). Academic Press.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Goslar, T., Hercman, H. and Pazdur, A., (2000). Comparison of U-series and radiocarbon dates of speleothems. Radiocarbon, 42(3), pp.403-414. DOI: 10.1017\/S0033822200030332<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<hr \/>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50\">\n.flex_column.av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-6jne7p-8205e17bb7b7ee36e37a9b6fab278e50 av_one_half first flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kiq94hsw-f296914c29fe7040203f1cd6218e11d5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Corals<\/h2>\n<p>Corals can be dated using U-Th analysis up to 500,000 years before present. Corals have been shown to gain and lose <sup>234<\/sup>U, <sup>230<\/sup>Th and <sup>234<\/sup>Th, generating a bias towards older ages (Andersen et al. 2009); yet, systematic corrections can be applied using a screening approach (e.g. Thompson et al., 2003). The reconstruction of environmental changes through time requires a robust chronology. U-Th dating of corals provides reliable ages beyond the <sup>14<\/sup>C range. These samples can be further analyzed to provide many paleoenvironmental reconstructions, including: wet\/dry phases (Yehudai et al. 2017), mortality\/recovery of coral reef systems (Clark et al. 2017), seawater temperature (DeCarlo et al. 2016) and pH (Stewart et al. 2016; Pauly et al. 2015).<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;\"><strong>References<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Andersen, M.B., Gallup, C.D., Scholz, D., Stirling, C.H. and Thompson, W.G., (2009). U-series dating of fossil coral reefs: consensus and controversy. Pages News, 17, pp.54-56.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Clark, T.R., Roff, G., Zhao, J.X., Feng, Y.X., Done, T.J., McCook, L.J. and Pandolfi, J.M., (2017). U-Th dating reveals regional-scale decline of branching Acropora corals on the Great Barrier Reef over the past century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(39), pp.10350-10355. DOI: 10.1073\/pnas.1705351114<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DeCarlo, T.M., Gaetani, G.A., Cohen, A.L., Foster, G.L., Alpert, A.E. and Stewart, J.A., (2016). Coral Sr\u2010U thermometry. Paleoceanography, 31(6), pp.626-638. DOI: 0.1002\/2015PA002908<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Pauly, M., Kamenos, N.A., Donohue, P. and LeDrew, E., (2015). Coralline algal Mg-O bond strength as a marine p CO2 proxy. Geology, 43(3), pp.267-270. DOI: 10.1130\/G36386.1<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stewart, J.A., Anagnostou, E. and Foster, G.L., (2016). An improved boron isotope pH proxy calibration for the deep-sea coral Desmophyllum dianthus through sub-sampling of fibrous aragonite. Chemical Geology, 447, pp.148-160. DOI: 10.1016\/j.chemgeo.2016.10.029<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thompson, W.G., Spiegelman, M.W., Goldstein, S.L. and Speed, R.C., (2003). An open-system model for U-series age determinations of fossil corals. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 210(1-2), pp.365-381. DOI: 10.1016\/S0012-821X(03)00121-3<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Yehudai, M., Lazar, B., Bar, N., Kiro, Y., Agnon, A., Shaked, Y. and Stein, M., (2017). U\u2013Th dating of calcite corals from the Gulf of Aqaba. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 198, pp.285-298. DOI: 0.1016\/j.gca.2016.11.005<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><br \/>\n<div class='flex_column_table av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608 sc-av_one_half av-equal-height-column-flextable'><div class='av-flex-placeholder'><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608\">\n.flex_column.av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-3vp6d1-5598025208853d6f7e496b5540626608 av_one_half flex_column_table_cell av-equal-height-column av-align-top av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kiq94hsw-f296914c29fe7040203f1cd6218e11d5 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><h2>Shells<\/h2>\n<p>U-Th dating has been used extensively on shell samples for decades. This method relies on the sample having incorporated uranium during formation and has limited thorium input from external sources (closed system), leaving all thorium within the structure being a product of U-Th decay. Not all depositional environments can fulfil such prerequisites, in which case shell \u201cisochron dating\u201d can be applied by dating multiple shells from the same time horizon with various levels of detrital Th input (Bischoff &#038; Fitzpartrick, 1991) to obtain initial level of U-Th for dating (e.g. Placzek et al. 2006). While the open system nature of shell systems makes dating challenging, U-Th analysis offers the potential to date shells beyond the timespan of <sup>14<\/sup>C dating (ca. 40,000 cal BP).<br \/>\n<div id=\"attachment_3612\" style=\"width: 810px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-3612\" class=\"size-full wp-image-3612\" src=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/shell.jpg\" alt=\"(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)\" width=\"800\" height=\"531\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-3612\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #808080;\">(Photo Credit: Arash Sharifi)<\/span><\/p><\/div><\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.5;\">\n<strong>References<\/strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bischoff, J.L. and Fitzpatrick, J.A., (1991). U-series dating of impure carbonates: an isochron technique using total-sample dissolution. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 55(2), pp.543-554. DOI: 10.1016\/0016-7037(91)90011-S<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Placzek, C., Patchett, P.J., Quade, J. and Wagner, J.D., (2006). Strategies for successful U\u2010Th dating of paleolake carbonates: An example from the Bolivian Altiplano. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 7(5). DOI: 10.1029\/2005GC001157<\/span>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><!--close column table wrapper. Autoclose: 1 --><br \/>\n<div  class='hr av-2aux8l-520ab2b9ba2c54dba82feedfe5a691bf hr-default'><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1ue2n9-ec8b6e8131b195455ef1a8f2374da3c3\">\n.flex_column.av-1ue2n9-ec8b6e8131b195455ef1a8f2374da3c3{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1ue2n9-ec8b6e8131b195455ef1a8f2374da3c3 av_one_half first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-k9022p64-d8d7199e9fdce11cf20029ac4660b090 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><div style=\"background: #f6f6f6; padding: 20px 18px;\">\n<h4 style=\"color: black;\"><strong>Related Topics<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2;\"><a style=\"font-size: 15px;\" href=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/u-th\/method\/\">U-Th Dating Methodology<br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"line-height: 1.2;\"><a style=\"font-size: 15px;\" href=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/u-th\/sample-types\/\">U-Th: Sample Selection Recommendations<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/u-th-dating-assumptions\/\">Assumptions for U-Th Dating: Open vs. Closed Systems<\/a>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":23081,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-23562","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23562","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23562"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23562\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23568,"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23562\/revisions\/23568"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/23081"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/isobarscience.com\/zh-hant\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23562"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}